Laparoscopic Gallbladder Surgery, also known as Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to remove the gallbladder. It is primarily performed to treat gallstones and related conditions, such as gallbladder inflammation (cholecystitis), biliary colic, and gallbladder polyps. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats.

Procedure

The surgery is carried out using a laparoscope, a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light and camera, which allows the surgeon to visualize the internal organs on a monitor. Here is a step-by-step overview:

• Anesthesia: The patient is placed under general anesthesia to ensure they are unconscious and pain-free during the surgery.
• Trocar Insertion: Small incisions (0.5 to 1 cm) are made in the abdomen. Typically, 3-4 incisions are needed. A trocar (a thin tube-like instrument) is inserted through these incisions.
• Gas Insufflation: The abdominal cavity is inflated with carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas. This creates space for the surgeon to work and provides a clear view of the gallbladder.
• Laparoscope Insertion: A laparoscope is inserted through one of the incisions, and the high-definition video feed is displayed on a monitor.
• Gallbladder Removal: Using specialized instruments inserted through the other incisions, the surgeon carefully detaches the gallbladder from its attachments (cystic duct and artery). The gallbladder is then removed through one of the small incisions.
• Closure: Once the gallbladder is removed, the instruments are withdrawn, and the incisions are sutured or closed with surgical glue.

Benefits of Laparoscopic Surgery

• Smaller incisions, resulting in minimal scarring.
• Less post-operative pain compared to open surgery.
• Faster recovery time; most patients are discharged the same day or within 24 hours.
• Reduced risk of complications such as wound infections.

Post-Surgery Recovery

Patients are advised to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for about 1-2 weeks. A normal diet can be resumed gradually, although fatty foods may need to be limited initially. Full recovery is typically achieved within 2-3 weeks.

Indications for Surgery

• Symptomatic gallstones causing pain and discomfort.
• Acute or chronic cholecystitis.
• Biliary dyskinesia (abnormal gallbladder function).
• Gallbladder polyps larger than 1 cm.