Bariatric surgery refers to a group of surgical procedures designed to help individuals with severe obesity lose weight and improve associated health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea. It is typically recommended for individuals with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 40 or higher, or 35 and above with obesity-related health issues. These surgeries work by restricting food intake, reducing nutrient absorption, or a combination of both.

Types of Bariatric Surgery

Gastric Bypass Surgery (Roux-en-Y):

This is one of the most common bariatric procedures. The stomach is divided into a small pouch, which directly connects to the small intestine. By bypassing a portion of the stomach and intestine, it reduces food intake and calorie absorption. This procedure is effective for long-term weight loss and helps improve type 2 diabetes and heart conditions.

Sleeve Gastrectomy:

In this procedure, approximately 80% of the stomach is removed, leaving a tube-like "sleeve." The smaller stomach restricts food intake, and the removal of a portion of the stomach decreases the production of ghrelin (hunger hormone), reducing appetite. This is less invasive than gastric bypass and has gained popularity due to its effectiveness.

Adjustable Gastric Banding (Lap-Band):

A silicone band is placed around the upper part of the stomach, creating a small pouch. The band can be adjusted to control the flow of food and limit food intake. It is a reversible procedure but often has slower weight loss outcomes compared to other surgeries.

Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS):

This is a more complex procedure combining sleeve gastrectomy with intestinal bypass. It significantly limits food absorption and is effective for extreme obesity. However, it requires close nutritional monitoring due to a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies.

Benefits of Bariatric Surgery

• Significant and sustained weight loss.
• Improved management or remission of obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and sleep apnea.
• Enhanced quality of life and mental well-being.

Risks and Considerations

While bariatric surgery offers numerous benefits, it is not without risks, including infections, nutritional deficiencies, and gastrointestinal complications. Post-surgery, patients must commit to lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, exercise, and long-term follow-ups to ensure sustained results and prevent complications.

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